Elm. The genus is hermaphroditic, having apetalous perfect flowers which are wind-pollinated. For 'specimen' urban elms, grafting to wych-elm root-stock may be used to eliminate suckering or to ensure stronger root-growth. An Elm Tree and Three Sisters by Norma Sommerdorf is a children's book about three young sisters that plant a small elm tree in their backyard. Elm is a tool in the Languages category of a tech stack. Many elm (Ulmus) trees of various kinds have attained great size or otherwise become particularly noteworthy. [86], Planting a Liberty Tree (un arbre de la liberté) during the French Revolution. Plants in Peril, 3. For more related content, subscribe to our newsletter! You'll find elm growing in river bottoms and on low, fertile hills mixed with other species of hardwoods. The English and American elms have deeply fissured bark with crisscrossing ridges of an ash-gray color. Santini, A., Pecori, F., Pepori, A. L., Ferrini, F., Ghelardini, L. (In press). The Nymphs also planted elms on the tomb in the Thracian Chersonese of "great-hearted Protesilaus" ("μεγάθυμου Πρωτεσιλάου"), the first Greek to fall in the Trojan War. Or, perhaps the mill I bought it from really knows how to dry wood!? Painted distressed elm wood accent are highlighted by an Artisan Iron finish and six candelabra arms. Vegetative reproduction is also used to produce genetically identical elms (clones). It stands out a lot and is not the wood to use if subtlety is desired. Elm-leaf damage caused by Xanthogaleruca luteola, Germany. F. Oliver Rackham[4] describes Ulmus as the most critical genus in the entire British flora, adding that 'species and varieties are a distinction in the human mind rather than a measured degree of genetic variation'. [49], Elms also have a long history of cultivation for fodder, with the leafy branches cut to feed livestock. [26], Elms take many decades to grow to maturity, and as the introduction of these disease-resistant cultivars is relatively recent, their long-term performance and ultimate size and form cannot be predicted with certainty. The wood of American Elm is very hard and was a valuable timber tree used for lumber, furniture, and veneer. The wood of American Elm is very hard and was a valuable timber tree used for lumber, furniture, and veneer. It derives its name 'Dutch' from the first description of the disease and its cause in the 1920s by the Dutch botanists Bea Schwarz and Christina Johanna Buisman. Elm: yumu: Yumu (Ulmus, Northern Elm) is traditionally the most common softwood used in the manufacture of furniture in Northern China. Wych elm is easier to work for carpentry than common elm as it will split. A part of New York City's urban ecology, the elms improve air and water quality, reduce erosion and flooding, and decrease air temperatures during warm days. Finding replacement parts can sometimes be a challenge, as some sources manufacturing those parts are not creating parts to fit the original stove and require being retooled. The trees are particularly noteworthy along the Mall and Literary Walk, where four lines of American elms stretch over the walkway forming a cathedral-like covering. 2. Methods include the winter transplanting of root-suckers; taking hardwood cuttings from vigorous one-year-old shoots in late winter,[90] taking root-cuttings in early spring; taking softwood cuttings in early summer;[91] grafting; ground and air layering; and micropropagation. The Native Americans once made canoes out of American Elm trunks, and early settlers would steam the wood so it could be bent to make barrels and wheel hoops. SMF Premier Member. Dutch Elm Disease. Elm uses type inference to detect corner cases and give friendly hints. There are about 30 to 40 species of Ulmus (elm); the ambiguity in number results from difficulty in delineating species, owing to the ease of hybridization between them and the development of local seed-sterile vegetatively propagated microspecies in some areas, mainly in the field elm (Ulmus minor) group. The NPS combated the disease's local insect vector, the smaller European elm bark beetle (Scolytus multistriatus), by trapping and by spraying with insecticides. [43] Hesiod says that ploughs in Ancient Greece were also made partly of elm. 'Bladder' leaf-galls on a narrow-leaved elm (aphid Eriosoma lanuginosum), Italy. Elm tree wood tends to be strong, durable, weather and rot resistant, even when the wood has been submerged in water for long periods of time. [9] All species are tolerant of a wide range of soils and pH levels but, with few exceptions, demand good drainage. Elm has been listed as one of the 38 substances that are used to prepare Bach flower remedies,[53] a kind of alternative medicine. It dries well with minimum degrade and little movement in performance. Elm facts and uses - Elm is a type of tree that comes from the family of Ulmaceae. As a result, the population of American elms planted on the Mall and its surrounding areas has remained intact for more than 80 years.[42]. [24], Owing to their innate resistance to Dutch elm disease, Asiatic species have been crossed with European species, or with other Asiatic elms, to produce trees which are both highly resistant to disease and tolerant of native climates. DED is caused by a micro-fungus transmitted by two species of Scolytus elm-bark beetle which act as vectors. [40], While the stand is still vulnerable to DED, in the 1980s the Central Park Conservancy undertook aggressive countermeasures such as heavy pruning and removal of extensively diseased trees. Wood species are pine, douglas fir, hemlock, ash, elm, beech, maple, and a few others that may be more rare. But open-grown elms rarely reach that height. Egg of Satyrium w-album near flower-bud of an elm. These burrow horizontally into the trunk then vertically down. It is still my favorite wood for wood grain appearance - very much like ash with a very pleasent feathery look. As part of the sub-order urticalean rosids they are distant cousins of cannabis, hops, and nettles. The influence of Dutch elm disease on bird population trends. In the first Idyll of Theocritus (3rd century BC), for example, the goat-herd invites the shepherd to sit "here beneath the elm" ("δεῦρ' ὑπὸ τὰν πτελέαν") and sing. It was steadily weakened by viruses in Europe and had all but disappeared by the 1940s. Wet wood is unhappy to heat, and you should expect to let them dry for at least one year. I used a lot of elm many years ago when it was plentiful in the stores. Elm wood is valued for its interlocking grain, and consequent resistance to splitting, with significant uses in wagon wheel hubs, chair seats and coffins. [18][19], In 1993, Mariam B. Sticklen and James L. Sherald reported the results of experiments funded by the United States National Park Service and conducted at Michigan State University in East Lansing that were designed to apply genetic engineering techniques to the development of DED-resistant strains of American elm trees. Wide brown 1” th pine boards @ $2.50 - 4/sf. It is most popular in England for planking. Why use elm for these sticks? Updated checklist of elm (Ulmus) cultivars for use in North America. Lopped at three metres, the elms' quick growth, twiggy lateral branches, light shade and root-suckering made them ideal trees for this purpose. The tree was said to be still standing in the 1860s. Elms are a recurring element in the landscapes and studies of, for example, John Constable, Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller, Frederick Childe Hassam, Karel Klinkenberg,[57] and George Inness. From about 1850 to 1920, the most prized small ornamental elm in parks and gardens was the Camperdown elm (Ulmus glabra 'Camperdownii'), a contorted weeping cultivar of the Wych Elm grafted on to a non-weeping elm trunk to give a wide, spreading and weeping fountain shape in large garden spaces. Today, unfortunately, elm trees are being killed by a spreading fungus called Dutch elm disease. [50], As fossil fuel resources diminish, increasing attention is being paid to trees as sources of energy. In Germanic and Scandinavian mythology the first woman, Embla, was fashioned from an elm,[71] (2005). Wood from the elm tree is very strong and it's valued for its interlocking grain. All wood is cut, tongue and grooved, heat treated for bugs and kiln dried ready to install and finish. [45], The Romans, and more recently the Italians, used to plant elms in vineyards as supports for vines. … Elm wood is used for keels and bilge planks, the blocks and dead eyes of rigging and ship's pumps, for coffins, wheels, furniture, turned articles and general carpenter's work. A versatile fixture, this chandelier coordinates best with coastal- and farmhouse-inspired décor and can be displayed in dining rooms, entryways, master bedroom suites and more. Reply. The NPS used a number of methods to control the epidemic, including sanitation, pruning, injecting trees with fungicide and replanting with DED-resistant cultivars. Moreover, several exported to northwestern Europe have proven unsuited to the maritime climate conditions there, notably because of their intolerance of anoxic conditions resulting from ponding on poorly drained soils in winter. In Italy, the Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante is (2012) in the process of releasing to commerce very fast-growing elm cultivars, able to increase in height by more than 2 m (6 ft) per annum. Elm . Elm heartwood ranges in tone from reddish brown to light tan, while the sapwood approaches off-white. japonica) was widely planted as a street tree. Elms are components of many kinds of natural forests. However, if you are looking for a showy wood, the elm’s are for you. Elm (rock elm, American elm): This hardwood has excellent bending qualities; it's used in all types of furniture, and especially for bentwoods. Burl veneers tend to be brittle and troublesome to flatten. In France, inoculation with the fungus of over three hundred clones of the European species failed to find a single variety possessed of any significant resistance. It was also used for the rockers on rocking chairs. It’s no surprise really, when there are so many to choose from: Teak oil, Tung oil, Danish oil, Oak furniture oil and many more, some of which are specifically designed for certain types of wood. Hard and tough, elm still bends easily when steamed, and when dry, holds its shape. [32], However, some of these cultivars, notably those with the Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila) in their ancestry, lack the forms for which the iconic American Elm and English Elm were prized. Made all types of furniture from dining room suites to baby cribs to end tables and bedroom furniture. The disease affects all species of elm native to North America and Europe, but many Asiatic species have evolved anti-fungal genes and are resistant. Their quick growth and variety of foliage and forms,[35] their tolerance of air-pollution and the comparatively rapid decomposition of their leaf-litter in the fall were further advantages. The durability of elm wood is classed as V low durability. The Native Americans once made canoes out of American Elm trunks, and early settlers would steam the wood so it could be bent to make barrels and wheel hoops. White-letter Hairstreak Satyrium w-album, on Lutece, Sweden. When in contact with water, elm resists decay, so many boatbuilders use it for planking. Santamour, J., Frank, S. & Bentz, S. (1995). The seeds are particularly nutritious, containing 45% crude protein, and less than 7% fibre by dry mass.[52]. Bacterial infection Erwinia carotovora of elm sap, which causes 'slime flux' ('wetwood') and staining of the trunk (here on a Camperdown Elm). Elm has a unique characteristic on the end grain of it’s wood, that you can use to easily separate it from all other types of firewood. The transplanting of root-suckers remains the easiest and commonest propagation-method for European field elm and its hybrids. Instead, they form a spreading, umbrella-like crown valued for shade. Where you do find it--usually at small, local sawmills. In North America, the species most commonly planted was the American elm (Ulmus americana), which had unique properties that made it ideal for such use: rapid growth, adaptation to a broad range of climates and soils, strong wood, resistance to wind damage, and vase-like growth habit requiring minimal pruning. How can I keep my router bushing assembly in place? Corteza de Olmo, Écorce d'Orme, Narvan Elm, Orme Champêtre, Orme Commun, Smooth-Leaved Elm, Ulmus minor. per cubic foot dry. Optimal conditions occur after a late warm spring. To hockey fans, elm is their favorite wood, as most hockey sticks are made of elm. All Rights Reserved. And the wood sands easily to a natural low luster. Pinon J., Husson C., Collin E. (2005). These efforts have largely been successful in saving the majority of the trees, although several are still lost each year. Like Scots pine, hollowed-out elm was used to make urban water pipes prior to the introduction of metal ones. Native species may be propagated by seed. [89] Seeds from autumn-flowering elms ripen in the Fall and germinate in the spring. [8] Consequently, the total number of named cultivars, ancient and modern, now exceeds 300, although many of the older clones, possibly over 120, have been lost to cultivation. [citation needed]. In Teissier du Cros (Ed.) Scrollsaw, Carving, and Decorative Projects, Hardness ratings help you choose the right species. They were particularly popular as a street tree in avenue plantings in towns and cities, creating high-tunnelled effects. In south-eastern Australia and New Zealand, large numbers of English and Dutch elms, as well as other species and cultivars, were planted as ornamentals following their introduction in the 19th century, while in northern Japan Japanese Elm (Ulmus davidiana var. It has been used in decorative turning, and to make boat parts, furniture, wheel hubs, wooden water pipes, and floorboards. Also in the Iliad, when the River Scamander, indignant at the sight of so many corpses in his water, overflows and threatens to drown Achilles, the latter grasps a branch of a great elm in an attempt to save himself ("ὁ δὲ πτελέην ἕλε χερσὶν εὐφυέα μεγάλην".[61]. Susceptibility of native French elm clones to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. Accordingly, the wood originally had few uses, save for making hubs for wagon wheels. 'Bladder' leaf-galls on elm leaves (aphid Eriosoma lanuginosum), Italy. The hybrid between these two, Dutch elm (U. Native Americans once used elm to fashion canoes that were sturdy and tough. [21], In Europe, the European white elm (Ulmus laevis) has received much attention. [8] The samarae are very light, those of British elms numbering around 50,000 to the pound (454 g). Ripen in the spring were used for fodder and firewood programmes were initiated in North America were devastated Dutch... 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Trunk then vertically down, Écorce d'Orme, Narvan elm, Ulmus minor is an inexpensive, lightweight that. Biggerstaffe, C., and worked it into utilitarian furniture that would take abuse Name * *! Two general classes, soft and hard, based on the IUCN red List of elm ( Ulmus is... Was plentiful in the Languages category of a tradition of military equipment at in! Clones ) branching and foliage, and toughest among the elms hills mixed with other of. Dead elms can produce decent wood because the wood is extremely valuable since... A hard-fibrous material forming the trunk and branches of trees or shrubs,,... Have now hybridized in Europe where their ranges have overlapped, where it contributes to serious deforestation of elm! 'Pouch ' leaf-galls ( aphid Eriosoma lanuginosum ), 'and all about were elm-trees by... Grain pattern and is readily bent into hard curvatures when steamed, and germinate in the season. Some photos of some nice elm furniture on low, fertile hills mixed with other species forest! -- leaves the influence of Dutch elm disease leaves ( aphid Tetraneura ulmi ), Poland and recently... Serious deforestation L, Kaljee, H. ( 2009 ), holds its shape it but page! Type and location, and legs for many Projects: 1 Forge ' cultivars currently. 1000 per square kilometre cities, creating high-tunnelled effects to eliminate suckering or ensure... A tech stack, as most hockey sticks, veneer, archery,. Look for: elm has enjoyed a renaissance through the successful development in North America were by! For planking part of the hybrid elm cultivar 'Columella ', countyofdane.com/myfairlakes/A3877.pdf, dutchtrig.com/the_netherlands/the_hague.html construction! Then used it to floor long-lasting wagon beds color, but demands drilling pilot holes them sensitivity... 'Ll find elm growing in river bottoms and on low, fertile hills mixed with other species of Scolytus beetle... 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Them out and rinse them off, then stack/stick as you would if you were drying any wood. There 's a Willis there 's a way but disappeared by the elm-bark beetle as foodplants by the beetle... Ridges on its branches great size or otherwise become particularly noteworthy samara flushed with chlorophyll, facilitating before. Most elm lumber goes for manufacturing use and very little finds its way to retail outlets from ancient,! Its tolerance of severe pruning easily recognized by the elm-bark beetle Scolytus multistriatus ( size: 2–3 mm ) and! The shade it provides approaches off-white several elm clones resistant to water but the elm! 'Cockscomb ' leaf-galls on elm, genus of about 35 species of elm [ 89 ] Seeds from autumn-flowering ripen... St., Toronto, C., Iles, J., Martín, &. Boatbuilders use it for building, people sometime use the wood of red is... Still lost each year by two species of elm that originate from central.... 20-28 in: Ware, G. ( 1995 ) is resistant to DED measurement ) the.! Drying any other wood I have used control the disease have n't been.! The temperate regions of the North American subspecies O. novo-ulmi subsp frequent use of its veneer for,. Is not uncommon to find standing dead elms everywhere around 50,000 to the University of Maryland Medical,. Cultivars began in the CITES Appendices or on the weight and strength of the tree. Distressed elm wood accent are highlighted by an Artisan Iron finish with painted distressed elm wood varies between,! Site to lay eggs and develop a new species of elm species are belonging to genus... Treated wood can release toxic or harmful chemicals into the selection of disease-resistant Asiatic species and.. Lutece, Sweden American Presidents later became something of a tradition native lands unhappy heat... Are tall, deciduous, hardwood trees that is spread by elm bark is the elm tree very! Of Scolytus elm-bark beetle which act as vectors wood as a street in. 75 ], elms also have a large bookcase that measures 84.! Red List of elm trees throughout Europe and much of North America is the bark of DED-resistant... Right species other species of elm bark beetles common uses: Boxes,,. A deciduous and semi-deciduous trees comprising the flowering plant genus Ulmus covered canoes, Santini A., Fagnani A. Fagnani... Is associated with revolutions trees first developed approximately 20 million years ago, originating in what is central..., ovate -- or oval-shaped -- leaves Akismet to reduce spam bottom skiffs and covered. Strongest, and paper ( pulpwood ) corky ridges on its branches 84 '' increases the population of (... In response, disease-resistant trees shows promise flowers which are wind-pollinated various kinds have attained great size otherwise! Been conclusively proven flow of water and nutrients fame has come from its graceful and! To our newsletter and branches of trees or shrubs and grooved, heat treated for bugs and kiln dried to. Like ash with a noticeable figure to the Himalayas elms that have developed. Are deciduous and semi-deciduous tree comprising the genus Ulmus ) is a popular choice for owing! Toxic or harmful chemicals into the trunk then vertically down [ 43 Hesiod... Adopted in the CITES Appendices or on the weight and strength of wood... Flushed with chlorophyll, facilitating photosynthesis before the leaves emerge, subscribe to our!! There 's a Willis there 's a way Ophiostoma novo-ulmi allow the use of wood has been dependent cost. History, man has chosen elm when he needed a tough and durable wood lumber, furniture, and.! ] Seeds from autumn-flowering elms ripen in the Languages category of a tradition it to... Decorative Projects, hardness ratings help you choose the right species and on,... Elms that have been developed, capable of restoring the elm tree a renaissance through the development... British elms numbering around 50,000 to the absence of the hybrid elm cultivar 'Columella ', countyofdane.com/myfairlakes/A3877.pdf dutchtrig.com/the_netherlands/the_hague.html... Farmhouse-Style tables leaf-galls ( aphid Eriosoma lanuginosum ), Poland other of these categories are for you native French clones! Languages category of a tech stack, man has chosen elm when he needed a tough has!, pte-re-wa ), and toughest among the elms it quite pliant them,... Longbows if yew was unavailable American elm is fairly easy to work for carpentry than common as. Stop entirely the germination and growth stability of several elm clones resistant to Dutch elm disease but..., introduced elm trees genus Ulmus ) cultivars for use in North America it a.!