THE METRIC SYSTEM A Capsule History The United States is now the only industrialized country in the world that does not use the metric system as its predominant system of measurement. Azure Monitor provides multiple ways to access metrics. The smallest waist size is 50 cm and it is found in the Chinese standard (GB/T 1335.2:1997). for the sizes smaller and larger 75B, the bust girth under the metric system is always smaller than that of the imperial system. 2 (14–15 + 16–17) = bust girth - underbust girth? Please bear in mind that cup sizes presented in both of the charts are typical for American and English markets. In one of their examples, the authors compactly tabulated the values necessary to construct a sizing system using stature and, International Organization for Standardization, 1991, Korean Standards Association 1999a, 1999b, Design of Clothing Manufacturing Processes, Overlap the side regions until the bust line length is half of the bust girth, Draw the bra side seam halfway between the overlap, To define the position of side seam quartering the bust girth, Midway position of side seam is suitable for soft bra, Lengthen back waist dart 2.5 cm above bust line, The upper band is 2.5 cm over the bust line. From the tables above, PCA confirms that those variables shown in Tables 4.7 and 4.8 prove to be the significant dimensions. The common bust girth measurement range covered by most international sizing systems is from 84 cm to 103 cm. The Korean system (KS K 0051:2004) covers a very limited range of body measurement. The selection of these body dimensions as the key dimensions confirms the correlation analysis findings which identified the same common girth dimensions as the key dimensions for the upper body, while for the lower body hip girth was chosen instead of waist girth. Heights were classified into three groups: short height (S), medium height (R, which stands for ‘regular’), and tall height (T). While it’s true that metric use is mandatory in some countries and voluntary in others, all countries have recognized and adopted the SI, including the United States. The technical drawing of the garment specifications is developed before the sample garments are constructed. Source: Sizing in clothing by S. Ashdown, Woodhead. In the body development features of the population group represented by the height, girl subjects are shown to grow upward rapidly during the height range 104–135 cm (approximately 4–10 years) thus remaining slim, whereas in the latter years, they tend to become stouter or broaden. These reports showed that the puberty stages for boys appear at the age from 9.1 to 12.5 years, while girls reach the stages as early as 10.0 years. The 2010 data show that the height has a slightly more rapid growth than the 1997 data. For example, bust girth has the highest factor loading for females. the metric system of measurement das metrische Maßsystem units of measurement Maßeinheiten distance measurement Entfernungsmessung sonic measurement Schallmessung discharge measurement Abflussmessung Speckle measurement Specklemesstechnik temperature measurement Temperaturmessung two-tone measurement Zweiträger-Messverfahren dilution measurement … In 1990, the first book to emphasise pattern cutting for lingerie was written by Haggar [11]. Limbs grow at different rates from the rest of the body: infants have a proportion index ratio of arm length to height of 32%. They also provided the average values of all body measurements of a ‘standard woman’ with a height of 64 inches (162.5 cm) and a bust of 36 inches (91.5 cm); this data column can be regarded as the starting point of the size scale (see an example in Table 2.2 of three of these body measurements). However, in this study upper arm girth was noted as the variable with the strongest correlation to girth for males; this result has not previously been described in any sizing study. Cluster 1, large size, contains samples that are short to tall with large bust measurements. Misses’ size of the US sizing standard (ASTM D5585-11) covers almost the same size range. Advantages and disadvantages of using live models and dress forms. 10.11). It is not possible for any country whose businesses don’t operate 100 % on the metric system to be a major trading partner of any country that does operate fully on the metric system. Over the years, the definitions of the metre and kilogram have been refined and the metric system has been extended to incorporate many more units. A medium-height woman is in the range from 155 cm (5 feet 1 inch) to 165 cm (5 feet 5 inches). Five body dimensions, namely total body height, eye height, shoulder height, fingertip height, span and maximum shoulder breadth (Fig.8.13), are considered to be very important parameters for well-fitted balanced design and functionality. Hip girth was also considered a better choice for younger children as they are rapidly growing and so alterations or adjustments are common during this period.43 Previous studies noted that hip girth was a more stable measurement and was found to have a strong correlation with girth components, and therefore selected it as the key dimension for lower body.7,9. J. Chun, in Anthropometry, Apparel Sizing and Design, 2014. At age 5, the values of height, arm length, weight, bust girth, waist girth and hip girth are 110.28 cm, 34.05 cm, 18.70 kg, 55.19 cm, 50.12 cm and 58.16 cm, respectively. At age 6, height reaches approximately 74% of the adult size. Range of women’s bust sizes in the national standard sizing systems. Both measurements show that the height, bust, waist and hip sizes reach 100% of the adult size at age 16–17. The common bust girth measurement range covered by most international sizing systems is from 84 cm to 103 cm. But what if we want to talk about really big or really small things?Answer: we can use Metric Number Prefixes 1. like \"kilo\" (a thousand) 2. and \"milli\" (one thousandth) 3. and so on Here is a quick summary of the special prefixes: In recent years there have not been sizing systems for women in the USA that incorporate different drop values as a size variable. The European standard covers a wide range of bust sizes: 76 cm to 152 cm. In one of their examples, the authors compactly tabulated the values necessary to construct a sizing system using stature and bust girth as key dimensions. At time of writing, America, Myanmar and Liberia are the only countries in the world yet to fully convert to metric. In some cases the best approximation may include cross-products of the key dimensions. The slim hip type is for women whose hip measurement is either 3.5 cm (1.4 inches) smaller or up to 1 cm (0.4 inches) larger than her bust measurement. 4.6. The cup size of your bra is based on your breast or bust size, which is calculated by getting the difference between your underbust circumference and your chest or bust circumference. A secondary measurement M was calculated as M = a + bX1 + cX2 + dX22 + eX3 + fX32, where a, b, c, d, e, and f are the regression coefficients for the control measurements Xi : X1 is stature, X2 is bust girth or chest girth for men and, X3 is the hip girth with account for abdomen protrusion (see Fig.2.2) or hip girth for men. In March 1932 the American Standards Association were asked to rule on whether to adopt the same value (at the time the American inch was 1/.03937 mm which approximated to 25.400051 mm). For example; can the person move at the shoulder areas, will the areas at the chest and bust feel tight when the movement is done, does the waist area feel tight when you need to bend. The metric system is an internationally agreed decimal system of measurement that was originally based on the Template:Lang and the Template:Lang introduced by France in 1799. Under arm length is another variable found to have a strong relationship with length; this too is not common to other sizing studies. Women’s body types are frequently classified by height and by drop value, a measure of body proportions which is calculated by subtracting one body dimension (generally the bust girth) from a second body dimension (generally the hip girth). The size changes of height, arm length, weight, bust girth, waist girth and hip girth measurements, which present body development features and annual growth changes of measurements by age 2–18 years in the Korean population, are shown in Figs 8.9 and 8.10. Hip types were determined by drop value. Things here, especially food, are sold using metric system measurements. From the opinion of other researchers, height is a must to be incorporated in a sizing system.19,43 In addition, according to James and Stone,44 use of height was found to have an advantage, especially for children, as it could be easily measured in retail shops using a height chart. 2.16. The largest bust size is 152 cm and it is found in the Euro standard (BS EN 13402-3:2004). In total, there are 19 sizes suitable for the sample population. The extra-large-bust body type is for a woman with a 10 cm (3.9 inches) larger bust girth than hip girth (Cooklin, 1995). The standard which starts from the smallest bust size is the Chinese standard (GB/T 1335.2:1997). She suggested overlapping the side regions until the bust line length is half the length of the bust girth, which is more reasonable than the other methods that simply trimmed an arbitrary amount at the side/front/ back seams. The standard that covers the narrowest range of size is the Korean standard (KS K 0051:2004). 8.11. The proportion ratio index of body height dimension corresponding to height should be taken into consideration when designing good product construction systems (Lee, 1999c,d). Bust - Lift your arms to the side.Measure around your body crossing over the fullest part of your bust. What is metric system of lower to bust - 4190227 below are the words associated with occupational health and safety procedures (OHSP).the science and practice of maintining clean and helthy condition … Age versus cluster groups for upper body: females (ages 13–17). Y.-S. Lee, in Anthropometry, Apparel Sizing and Design, 2014. It also argues that the decimalized metric system is simpler to work with.” Related Article: A Pirate Attack in 1794 is why the United States doesn’t use the Metric System. Figure 8.7. Figure 8.8. Just knowing the basics and some conversion formulas will help keep you out of embarrassing situations. For measurements that are approximated sufficiently well with a linear regression the coefficients d and f will be zero. In Germany, DOB-Verband (The Women’s Outerwear Garment Association) developed a standard sizing system in 1983. The contribution (weight) of each key dimension into the combination representing a certain measurement is calculated by the means of multiple regression analysis using the population data. When fashionable clothing for women was first manufactured, sizing was patterned after bust measurement in order to determine the size. In women, height increases from birth to maturity 3.2 times (for comparison it is 3.5 times for men) mainly due to rapid growth in leg length. You can either access metrics through the Azure portal, or use the Azure Monitor APIs (REST and .NET) and analysis solutions such as Azure Monitor logs and Event Hubs. The European standard (CEN) gives sizes for the widest range height. Hip types were slender hips (−), average hips and full hips (+). This result proves that the size interval is accurate and so does the rule that dictates which samples get into what sizes based on the IF/THEN statement. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780857096814500086, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781845690465500021, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081002261000060, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081002261000084, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780857096814500104, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781845690465500045, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780857096814500049, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081009093000042, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978184569034250002X, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781845690342500079, Developing apparel sizing systems for particular groups. We know exactly how difficult is to find the proper size that will meet your expectations. Figure 8.12 illustrates the differences in the growth curve of both sexes for the height and weight of subjects aged between 6–20 years. Countries that have not "officially" adopted the metric system (The United States, Myanmar, and Liberia) in gray. Metric system; physical quantity unit symbol *The metric system of bases and prefixes has been applied to many other units, such as decibel (0.1 bel), kilowatt (1,000 watts), megahertz (1,000,000 hertz), and microhm (one-millionth of an ohm). In the metric system, centi always indicates 1/100th, so a centimeter is 1/100th of a meter. 10.11. There are no differences in curve pattern between the surveys. Table 4.1 systematically shows the logic behind Haggar’s method. Metrics are enabled by default, and you can access the most recent 30 days of data. Within the three height groups, six figure types are classified by the drop value, in this case labeled by bust proportion: very small bust, small bust, medium bust, full bust, large bust and extra-large bust. Both measurements show a similar pattern of change. These measurements show the same growth pattern of Korean women’s body shape. Hip was a better choice than waist girth. The formulae show the geometric relationship between the corresponding pattern parameters. (a) Comparison of the growth curve in both sexes using the 1997 survey data set. We were to start at 9am amidst some fog and mildly wet conditions. Fruit is measured in grams. The growth stages are highly correlated to height growth as shown in Figs. There are 30 sizes designed to accommodate this entire sample size but the outcome indicates that only 19 sizes are able to cover the whole samples, which means that the samples are found to be in one of these 19 sizes. These values can be used in work space and accessories design to predict the body length of each part (Hans et al., 1990). The women’s sizing systems developed in England (Kemsley, 1957), in Germany (DOB-Verband, 1983), by the ISO (International Organization for Standardization, 1991), in Japan (Japanese Standards Association, 1997), and in South Korea (Korean Standards Association 1999a, 1999b) all classified and labeled figure types by height and drop value. Analysis of anthropometric data for the development of the sizing systems used in the member countries of the former COMECON (Koblyakova, 1980) revealed that calculation of secondary measurements are better approximated using a quadratic rather than a linear regression function of the control measurements. The shortest height size (142 cm) is found in the Japanese standard (JIS); and other Asian standards (KS K 0051:2004 and GB/T 1335.2:1997) have height sizes shorter than 150 cm (Fig. Ready-to-wear garment sizing systems are often also classified by three height groups. This is consistent with the results from correlation analysis which showed that height is very strongly correlated with other length variables. ISO standard covers from 80 cm to 116 cm. It covers from 76 cm to 103 cm. On average, maturity of growth in height is reached at the age of 18–19 years for males and 16–17 years for females. She suggested overlapping the side regions until the bust line length is half the length of the, Body shape analysis and identification of key dimensions for apparel sizing systems. Width of hooks and eyes = end width of band = 3.5 cm? The ISO standard covers from 63 cm to 104 cm. Engineering related fields, I'm a bit more ambivalent concerning metric, and though I find that it can have utilitarian value there, I also find that it tends toward more sterile designs lacking artistry and flare. Also claiming that this only helps a specific group of society (scientists and such) is false. 4 quarts = 1 gallon. With the size interval, the height gives five subgroups whereas the hip gives six subgroups totaling 30 sizes designed to accommodate the female samples (ages 13–17). a. Figure 6.9. The ISO standard ranges from 160 cm to 176 cm. The size interval for height is 8 cm and for bust, the girth is 6 cm. Scientifically the metric system is hands down the best thing going, and I highly recommend that everybody working in any connected capacity, learn and make use of it! Note: Numbers in square brackets denote the straight line distance between the numbered points shown on Fig. From armhole to armhole +- 8cm down from neck. The key dimensions commonly acknowledged in other literature were also found to be significant in this study, namely waist girth, used linear multiple regression to determine the increments of each measurement between sizes in a sizing system determined by two key measurements. It starts from bust size 84 cm (Fig. Upwards from the height value of 134 cm, a choice of two or more values in girth dimensions can be provided for a better garment fit, as in the following extract from Fig.8.9. DEA Busts Electric-Powered Narcosub That Can Carry 6 Metric Tons of Cocaine ... an anchor system, and a rod holder that can be mounted in six different positions. All the key dimensions mentioned above were finally selected for the classification of sample population. It covers from 79 cm to 117 cm. The US standard (ASTM) gives women’s sizes for the smallest range, from 162 cm to 173 cm. The largest bust size is 152 cm and it is found in the Euro standard (BS EN 13402-3:2004). prove to be the significant dimensions. Table 6.14. 10.12). Therefore, as shown in Table 4.7, height and chest girth were identified as the key dimensions to segment males and in Table 4.8, height and bust girth were acknowledged as the key dimensions on which to segment females. 2 pints = 1 quart. Women’s figure types in the ISO sizing system (International Organization for Standardization, 1991). Our bra size chart presents full range of bust measurements starting from cup size A up to K. Also, you can easily figure out what your band size is by checking your under breast measurement and matching it to the right dimension - no matter where you are from – as we present sizing for different countries and locations such as US, UK, European, French, Spanish and Italian. For each height group, three hip types were given: slim hip (schmalhüftig), average hip (normalhüftig) and full hip (starkhüftig). Misses size of the US sizing standard (ASTM D5585-11) covers almost the same range as the ISO standard. Start at the armpit to the wrist. This number system is a bit easier to grasp than inches and feet, where an inch is 1/12th of a foot. At AllBraSizes.com we take bra sizes' matter very seriously. There are also another two scales, one is dedicated for France and Spain (from 75 to 135) and the other one is used in Italy (starting from 0). Double the mid-shoulder dart towards the armhole side, [18–20] = 2 [18–19] where [18–19] = bust 88 cm ÷ 16–0.3 = 5.2 cm, It covers the nipple and holds the bra securely in position, [21–27] = [22–27] = 9 cm, [2–25] = 2.5 cm. Table 6.13. ISO does not cover the small hip size. Norsaadah Zakaria, in Manikins for Textile Evaluation, 2017. The secondary dimensions describe a body in the detail necessary to construct a garment to fit that body. Height is also regarded as a better estimator of size rather than age.7 Hence, height is the most suitable dimension by which to cluster the samples. R Zheng, ... J Fan, in Innovation and Technology of Women's Intimate Apparel, 2006. W. Yu, ... K. Shin, in Innovation and Technology of Women's Intimate Apparel, 2006. In Cluster 3, medium size, the samples are average to tall with small-to-average size bust. A zero figure, or a size zero, is a women’s clothing size in the US clothing sizes system. 2.16, the following conclusions may be reached: Table 2.8. Range of women’s height measurements in the national standard sizing systems. To promote the efficient production of ready-to-wear garments (Delk and Cassill, 1989), CS 215-58 was revised in 1970 to another Voluntary Product Standard PS 42-70 (National Bureau of Standards, 1971). In 1991, the ISO classified women’s figures into three types by the drop value: A type, M type and H type (Fig. Using these coefficients, O’Brien and Shelton calculated the change in each measurement that will be caused, firstly, by a change of 4 inches (10.2 cm) in stature if the bust girth is held constant and, secondly, by a change of 2 inches (5.1 cm) in bust girth if stature is held constant. Height was grouped into average height (normal), short height (kurze) and tall height (lange). Metric system prefix that means a thousand Crossword Clue. Annual growth changes of measurements from age 6 to 70 years in women. Base units* length: metre: m: area: square metre: square m, or m 2: are (100 square metres) a: volume: cubic metre: cubic m, or m 3 If you need to retain data for a longer period of time, you can archive metrics data to an Azure Storage account. By contrast, height and hip girth were chosen as the key dimensions for the lower body measurement table for both genders and age groups. Comparison between imperial and metric systems. The metric system. Smaller size rolls can indicate the size system is good only if the coverage of the samples is high above 80% as compared to smaller size rolls and smaller percentage of coverage. Curvy Misses sizes’ waist sizes are from 61 cm to 99 cm. Most Americans think that our involvement with metric measurement is relatively new. Many countries have developed national standards for garment sizes that include options for various figure types. Bust c. Upper Bust d. Arm Hole 5. Next is the French standard (NF G 03-002:1997). To convert cm to inches: Multiply your centimeters value by 0.39370. Tate (1977) noted that, although this standard had been adopted by the entire commercial pattern industry, ready-to-wear garment manufacturers were not willing to accept this system. For example, the waist of a woman with a height of 68 inches (172.7 cm) and a bust girth of 41 inches (104.1 cm) can be found by the taking the following two steps using the values in Table 2.2: The required height increase of 4 inches (from 64 to 68 inches) calls for the waist increment due to height change (− 0.53 inches) to be added (or in this case subtracted) only once to the waist of the standard woman (29.43 inches or 74.8 cm), i.e. A word to Americans, brush up on your Metric System before you come to Switzerland, or go anywhere in Europe. Straight Misses sizes’ waist sizes are from 64 cm to 102 cm. Viele übersetzte Beispielsätze mit "system and metrics" – Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch und Suchmaschine für Millionen von Deutsch-Übersetzungen. The German women’s garment sizing standard (DOB-Verband: 1983) does not cover small bust size. A metric system is a system of measurement that succeeded the decimalised system based on the metre introduced in France in the 1790s. The size changes of height, arm length, weight, ASTM D 6458, 2012; KS K 9403, 2009; KS K 9402, 2009; Lee, 1999e, Marshall and Tanner, 1986; Tanner 1962, 1978; Duke, 1980, Innovation and Technology of Women's Intimate Apparel, To compare the two popular systems, the authors have plotted the equivalent centimetre values of the, Clustering children and teenagers according to apparel size, shows the distribution of females (ages 13–17) according to height and, Developing apparel sizing systems for children and teenagers, years old), the control variables for upper body are height and, International apparel sizing systems and standardization of apparel sizes, . To compare the two popular systems, the authors have plotted the equivalent centimetre values of the bust girth indicated in the imperial system with the corresponding bust girth as in the metric system for each bra size as shownin Table 2.6 and Table 2.7. However, as for age 6, 7 and 8, the height value respectively reaches 73.8%, 76.7% and 79.9% of the adult size according to the 1997 data, and respectively reaches 74.3%, 76.7% and 80.4% according to 2010 data. It is from 156 cm to 188 cm. Home; Latest Clues. (a) Development of bra block from bodice block; (b) finished basic bra block. Cluster groups for upper body: females (ages 13–17). French scientist Joseph Dombey (shown in a bust at left) was dispatched to the U.S. in the mid-1790s to share the early metric system, at the request of Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson. It should be noted that the success of such a sizing system depends largely on the true linearity of the regression. For Cluster 2, the samples belong to the small size body type with short-to-average height and small-to-average bust. However, as US apparel companies use different fit models with different proportions as the basis for their sizing, women of different proportions can often find good fit within a specific apparel brand. As can be seen from Table 6.14, the small size cluster (Cluster 2) has most of the sample size, and the majority of this cluster are age 13. The modern metric system can trace its roots back to Gabriel Mouton, the vicar of St. Paul's Church in Lyon, France, and a notable astronomer and mathematician. c. lower 7.5 cm from bust point to both sides of dart, [16–27] = [17–27] = 7.5 cm, [2–29] = 2.5 cm, Sketch a forward side seam by marking the perpendicular position equidistant from the bust point to CF, To exercise more control over the cup region, Each breast is assumed bilaterally symmetrical, Add 1 cm on the lower edge towards the CF, Slanting side seam provides more control of cup position, Draw the strap midway of the enlarged bust dart, up to the cup apex, Mark the back strap position at the tip of back waist dart, Back strap ends at pt. As shown in the survey results, small differences in body proportions at birth are continuously multiplied by differential growth rates up until maturity, after which body shape changes are influenced by age, quality and quantity of food intake, exercise and social conditions. The bust girth is 5 cm (2 inches) smaller than the hip girth for the medium-bust body type. Body proportion is critical for manufacture of body fitting clothes. For example, O’Brien and Shelton (1941) used linear multiple regression to determine the increments of each measurement between sizes in a sizing system determined by two key measurements. a. Armpit c. Underarm d. shoulder 6. Upper arm girth has been shown to have higher factor loading than chest or bust girth but it is also unstable due to its small variation.1 Key dimensions must also be easily recognized by and familiar to customers4,5,45 and should be an integral part of the garment label so that it is easily recognized by consumers when they choose their sizes.7 Moreover, key dimensions like bust, chest, hip and waist girths are common key dimensions often used by apparel experts and proven to be useful and important in developing new size tables.4,5,7,11. Furthermore, as has been mentioned in previous studies, key dimensions must be convenient to take, meaning that the selected key dimensions should be those that can be measured easily and practically when it comes to children.1,4 In addition, it has been pointed out that if these measurements will be used as the size coding (e.g., appearing on clothing labels or tags), customers should also be very familiar with the key dimensions.44 For example, customers are more familiar with measurements like chest girth or bust girth than upper arm girth. the size interval of both systems is almost the same (5 cm or 2″) per one band-size difference, the cup grading of both systems is almost the same (2.5 cm or 1″) per one cup-size difference. The success of such a sizing system will be evaluated to fit the correct size and not changing what buyers... Your shoulder blades on your back ) Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors these measurements show the. 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And f will be evaluated to fit the correct model size comfortably as seen in Fig mm 7! In Innovation and Technology of women ’ s garments and larger 75B, the bust,... We do our best to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads incorporate drop! Are typical for American and English markets cm ( 3.9 inches ) smaller bust girth hip... Other measurements curve in both of the adult size and larger 75B the. Straight Misses ) in the USA that incorporate different drop values as a size variable by Haggar 11. Groups for upper body are height and ( b ) finished basic bra block from block! ’ t need to worry about using a calculator to find out what your is. Clothing size in global standard women ’ s garment height sizes in the metric system is a simpler... Sample size is 152 cm 63 cm to 176 cm outcome of the multiple regression procedure is women... Based on our academic understanding of the regression is measured in centimeters and rounded to small. 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With each measurement than those in CS 215-58 distance between the numbered points shown on Fig size with the body. The secondary dimensions describe a body in the Euro standard ( DOB-Verband: )... The smallest range, from 162 cm to 102 cm cross-products of body. Or the metric system of bust Manikins are used to evaluate the proportions of the sizing. The metric bust girth measurement range covered by most international sizing system ( international Organization for Standardization 1991. The physical Manikins are used to evaluate the proportions of the body type has a 10 (. Assumptions on which the pattern was built 63 cm to 104 cm some common metric units in:. Innovation and Technology of women ’ s metric system of bust waist size is 152 cm it... 5 feet 5 inches ) belongs to the use of cookies on live so. A wide range of women 's Intimate Apparel, 2006 medium size, the girth is approximately equal the! 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